- Using Images of Identifiable People
- Fair Use and Images
- Trademarks: When is a ?Fair Use? Argument Strongest?
- Why Attribution and Linking to Original Sources is Important
3 introductory questions:
Question #1: Someone used to be a paid Company sponsor or spokesperson.? They are no longer.? Can the Company continue to post a photo of the old sponsor to Pinterest? Short Answer: If the contract with the sponsor expressly permits it, yes.? Ordinarily, the contract would specify engagement for limited time, and that would prohibit rights to use images beyond the contract period.? But it really depends on what the contract says.
Question #2: Can the Company post a photo of a fan of the Company? Short Answer: Express consent is required, either through a release or the fan?s agreement (whenever the photo is submitted) to terms of service.? Exceptions are discussed below.
Question #3: Can the Company post a photo of a Coca-Cola bottle on its Pinterest page? Short Answer: If the use of the image does not suggest (implicitly or explicitly) endorsement or association, then yes.
Below is discussion of these issues, with ?Guidelines? at the end.
Using Images of Identifiable People
General Rule #1: You need permission to use images.? This is true with any individuals, but particularly so with celebrities: Without a release or permission, you potentially violate common law or state law rights of privacy and publicity (e.g. New York and California have robust protections for celebrities ).? See for example, George Clooney?s and Julia Roberts? legal travails.
Exceptions:
Political figures: You could probably use a picture of President Obama or Governor Romney, under a public domain argument.? Or, more likely, simply since it?s highly unlikely that Obama or Romney would legally take issue with your doing so (but: Artechnica in July reported on a DMCA takedown notice YouTube received in connection with a Romney campaign ad showing Obama singing).? But: Even that exception will not apply if your use suggests the candidates? endorsement of your products, services or advocacy message.?? This exception also would not apply if you don?t have the permission of the photographer or image owner (e.g. AP for photos).? Famous example: Shepherd Fairey lawsuit with Obama ?Hope? image, which was defended under fair use.
Fair use: For example you use an image of Lebron James as part of news reporting, criticism, commentary, parody, satire, etc.? Fair use is also why use of images of political figures is less concerning than celebrities: Political figures are more traditionally subjects of ?news reporting? under fair use.
Non-identifiable people: For example, images of crowd scenes from sporting events or concerts, street pictures from cities, or any images where individuals cannot be easily identified or, more to the point, identifiable individuals are not really the subject of the image.
Contract: If you have a contract with a spokesperson or other a celebrity for use of their photo, then the answer depends on the terms of the contract.? An example: You can always have a contract agreement allowing you to use someone?s photo (a ?release?), say for example a celebrity endorser for a product.? But the question comes up, what happens when the sponsorship or endorsement period ends?? You might think that if the release is for a fixed period, use of the celebrity?s photo or likeness is also for the same period.? But does this mean you can?t even refer to the photo and say, ?So and so used to endorse our product, and you should too??? There?s no reason you couldn?t provide for that use under the contract, but without expressly doing so in the contract you likely wouldn?t be able to do so.
General Rule #2: Even if it may be ok to post someone?s image, you still always need the separate permission of the image owner (typically the photographer, but not always).? This right is separate from that of the image subject.? If a celebrity sponsor gives you permission to use her photo, you cannot simply pull an image of the celebrity from the web and repost.? You still must obtain rights to use the image itself.
Exception:
Fair use: Same point as above.? A good example ? though controversial: Perez Hilton?s routine use of copyrighted images of celebrities while adding a mustache or something similar, claiming rights under fair use for ?commentary? or ?parody? or even news reporting.? Even in the best light, this is aggressive pushing of the line between entertainment and news in order to take advantage of fair use legal protections.
Fair Use and Images?
If you do not own rights to images, you risk copyright infringement for posting images to Pinterest.? Of course, if the image is not protected by copyright (e.g. public domain) or if you own the image, then this is not an issue.? For copyrighted images, there is no blanket ?fair use? right to post images to Pinterest.? Nonetheless, here are 3 particularly relevant fair use issues:
Transformative uses: When you ?transform? an image, add commentary, etc.? See, for example, Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, 510 U.S. 569 (1994) and my blog on this same subject at ?Fair Use Copying of Photographs and Artwork?.? Any uses that might fall under traditional fair use guidelines for parody, satire, commentary, news reporting and so forth.? This looks at (1) whether the use of the copyrighted work is ?socially productive?, (2) whether the use is commercial or noncommercial and (3) whether the user acted in good faith.? A use is socially productive if it is ?transformative? of the original work, meaning: More than replacing or copying, but adding value to the original or creating something new.? Parody and satire are given protection under copyright and defamation laws because they are viewed as transformative uses of original material.? Similarly, news reporting is (generally) deemed transformative and therefore socially productive ? and protected as fair use.
Commercial vs. non-commercial uses: In the Sony Betamax case (Sony Corporation of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417 (1984)), the Supreme Court stated that commercial uses give rise to a presumption of unfair use.? While noncommercial uses are favored over commercial uses, so long as the use is transformative (see above) a commercial use can still qualify as fair use.
This, then, raises the question of what is ?commercial? when a Pinterest wall is sponsored by a commercial business.? The distinction of who does the posting becomes meaningful (a brand marketer vs. individual fans and other users), as does the distinction between what business purpose is being achieved (direct product promotion vs. more broad community development).? As noted, a commercial use can qualify as a fair use, but will require other supportive fair use arguments.
Nature of the copyrighted work.? Copyright protects an author?s unique expression of facts and ideas.? Facts and ideas themselves (as opposed to their expression) will generally not be protectable through copyright and, likewise, generally will not support claims of copyright infringement.? For the same reason, when the nature of the copyrighted work is more factual or informational than creative, fair use is more likely to be found.? So, for example, greater copyright protection will apply to scholarly treatises and works of fiction, poetry, music and choreography, than will apply to biographies, histories and hard news.? With photographs and other images, artwork tends to get greater copyright protection than photographs (not including photographs of artwork), but that?s a tough line to draw.? But some images will definitely generate less copyright protection (and greater fair use flexibility) than others.? Creativity in the original work is an important consideration when thinking about fair use.
Trademarks: When is ?fair use? argument strongest??
Trademark gives its owner the right of exclusive use to the trademark, but only when used ?as a trademark?.? If the use of the mark is for any purpose not a ?trademark use?, that use does not fall within the exclusive rights of the trademark owner.? I recently wrote about this same issue here.
With trademark, this is also sometimes called ?nominative? use (good description here), and sometimes ?fair use?, though somewhat different than copyright fair use.? Fair use may be made of a trademark only with lack of a statement ? implicit or express ? of endorsement by the trademark owner.? This goes back to the most common ground for a claim of trademark infringement, namely likelihood of confusion as to the source of the goods or services being promoted.? The ultimate value of trademark is the association of a logo, brand, product or service with a particular individual or company owner.? The absence of that association in a third party?s use of a trademark ???Oh Lord, won?t you buy me ? a Mercedes Benz / My friends all drive Porsches, I must make amends? (Janice Joplin, ?Mercedes Benz?) ? undercuts an infringement case while supporting a ?nominative? or fair use argument.
Can your Company post a photo of a Coca-Cola bottle?? Answer: Coca-Cola (the name) is a registered trademark as is the Coca-Cola bottle.? Generally, as with copyrights, only the trademark owner can use the trademark.? But if your use of the image of a Coca-Cola bottle is not for a ?trademark purpose?, then the use is fine.? You cannot post a Coca-Cola bottle image to suggest a Coca-Cola endorsement of your Company or your Company?s products, although a prominent disclaimer might address that concern.? But context is important: Would the consuming public perceive an association or endorsement?? Tough to say in the abstract.? On the other hand, a Company?s social media fan?s posting of the same image would not likely suggest any such endorsement.
2 examples of trademark uses of images:
A magazine story features a photograph of a woman wearing a tee-shirt with a picture of a famous comic books superhero character, a trademarked character.? The story is about the woman and her battle with a serious illness, having nothing to do with the character or with the comic book company or with the trademark.? The trademark is clearly incidental to the photo and to the story.? This is an acceptable use of the trademark.
A cash-for-gold jewelry dealer in Toronto (featured in a New Yorker profile last year) promotes his business through television commercials featuring the character ?Cashman? dressed in a red cape and pair of blue tights and dollar signs on his chest.? ?Cashman? bursts out of telephone booths to frighten desperate Torontonians into parting with their family heirlooms.? The owner of the Superman trademarks felt compelled to ask ? nicely at first, not so nicely in the?subsequent lawsuit?? that ?Cashman? stop trading on the Superman goodwill.
Why Attribution and Linking to Original Sources is Important
There is some supportive legal authority that ?pinning? to a Pinterest wall is not technically ?copying? (and therefore cannot be copyright infringement) because the user is only really uploading a URL to the original web location of an image, without actually ?copying? the image.? Viacom v. YouTube, at least in the District Court opinion, offers ambiguous support for this view.? (See also my discussion of this issue here.)? While it is difficult to gain comfort relying on a hyper-technical ?non-infringement?, it may be a useful practical point: Pinterest?s TOS encourages full attribution and linking to original sources, rather than links to search results or sources like Google Image Search, Flickr, and Facebook, etc.? This will not resolve all legal uncertainties about ?pinning? images to Pinterest, but it would achieve 3 important things:
1. Reduces likelihood and tone of complaints from photographers, image houses, and other original sources about possible copyright violations, since attribution and direct linking seem to be more consistent with acceptable sharing and ?social? aspects of ?social media?.
2. Facilitates ease of recourse to established legal processes under Digital Millennial Copyright Act (DMCA) takedown framework, by being fully upfront about the nature of use, sources of images used, and a user?s willingness to cooperate with takedown requests.? And since much of Pinterest?s legal position itself is based on Pinterest?s compliance with DMCA obligations, this in turn reduces the likelihood of complaints from Pinterest and Pinterest users about a Company?s and a Company?s users violation of Pinterest?s TOS.
3. Supports a fair use argument that the attribution and original linking supports (rather than detracts from) the copyright owners? economic benefits.
* * *
Guidelines
1. Copyright: If you do not own rights to images, you risk copyright infringement for posting of photos to Pinterest.? If an image is not protected by copyright (e.g. public domain) or if you own the image, then this is not an issue.
2. Photos of people: Even if a photo is yours or you obtain photographer?s permission, you still must obtain a photo subject?s permission.? You would need permission, either through a release or agreement to terms of service (whenever the photo is submitted).? Likewise, even if you obtain a photo subject?s permission, you still must obtain an image owner?s permission.
3. Celebrities and spokespeople: In addition to permissions needed for photos of anybody, avoid express or implied endorsement of your product.
4. Copyright (fair use): Fair use arguments depend on doing something ?transformative?: Add commentary, parody, satire, news reporting, something ?new?.? Commercial vs. non-commercial distinction matters, and even if commercial the type of commercial use matters.? Type of image copied matters: If highly creative or innovative, less fair use rights to copy.
5. Attribution and linking: Good practice to prominently attribute photos to proper owners and link back to original sources (not links to search results, Google Images, Facebook or Flickr).
6. Trademarks: Avoid uses of trademarks that suggest (implicitly or explicitly) endorsement by the trademark owner.? Put another way: Is it unreasonable for consumers to be confused about the relationship between your brand and the trademark owner?s brand?? Disclaimers can be helpful, but ultimately depends on context.? No bright-line legal test, but that simply means use common sense.
7. Consider TOS or a similar legal disclaimer for your own users who post: (a) Postings must be for non-commercial use only of the user, and no promotion of products or businesses of the user, (b) users are responsible for their posted images, must use only images that they own or have rights to post and that will not violate copyrights of others, and must not use images of people (celebrities or otherwise) without affirmative consent, and (c) users own postings by users (analogous to Pinterest TOS DMCA protections).
Andrew Mirsky is an attorney and Principal of Mirsky & Company, PLLC, a law firm with particular emphasis in new media, intellectual property, technology, corporate and nonprofits. Andrew has 17 years? experience as a business and commercial lawyer, including 5 years? experience in company management of media and technology enterprises.
(This post originally appeared on the website of Mirsky & Company, PLLC on October 4, 2012; reprinted by kind permission of the author. Photo courtesy of Flickr user Padre Denny pursuant to Creative Commons CC BY-NC 2.0 license.)
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